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Abstract
Breed traits seem to influence the dimensions of the cerebral ventricles in dogs. The ratios between the ventricles and the brain are crucial diagnostic criteria for suspected canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD). This study aimed to establish linear computed tomography (CT)-scan measurements of the cerebral ventricles in 55 Poodle dogs aged >7 years. To this end, cross-sectional CT images were evaluated. The measurements in the whole sample were: height of the right ventricle, 6.0 ± 1.6 mm; height of the left ventricle, 5.8 ± 1.6 mm; width of the right ventricle, 6.9 ± 1.4 mm; width of the left ventricle, 7.0 ± 1.3 mm; height of the third ventricle, 3.4 ± 0.8 mm; height of the right cerebral hemisphere, 39.5 ± 2.0 mm; and height of the left cerebral hemisphere, 40.2 ± 2.6 mm. The average ventricular measurements were higher in dogs older than 11 years (p < 0.05). However, the average ratio of the ventricle height to the height of the brain did not reveal differences between age groups, sex, or antimeres. In addition, none of the images showed fused lateral ventricles. Thus, these data can assist in interpreting ventricle size in senile Poodle dogs (aged >7 years).
References
De Haan, C. E., Kraft, S. L., Gavin, P. R., Wendling, L. R., & Griebenow, M. L. (1994). Normal variation in size of the lateral ventricles of the labrador retriever dog as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 35(2), 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb00191.x.
Dewey, C. W., Davies, E. S., Xie, H., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2019). Canine cognitive dysfunction: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 49(3), 477-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013. PMid:30846383.
Doiche, D. P., Rahal, S. C., Silva, J. P. D., Oliveira, F. A., Miqueleto, N. S. M. L., Mamprim, M. J., & Vulcano, L. C. (2022). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the ventricular system and brain parenchyma in healthy dogs of different skull conformation on computed tomography scans. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 51(1), 112-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12767. PMid:34854110.
Esteve-Ratsch, B., Kneissl, S., & Gabler, C. (2001). Comparative evaluation of the ventricles in the Yorkshire Terrier and the German Shepherd dog using low-field MRI. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 42(5), 410-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00960.x. PMid:11678561.
Fast, R., Schütt, T., Toft, N., Møller, A., & Berendt, M. (2013). An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: Clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(4), 822-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12109. PMid:23701137.
Federation Cynologique Internationale. (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx#edito
González-Soriano, J., Marín-García, P., Contreras-Rodríguez, J., Martínez-Sainz, P., & Rodríguez-Veiga, E. (2001). Age-related changes in the ventricular system of the dog brain. Annals of Anatomy, 183(3), 283-291. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80236-3. PMid:11396800.
Gunde, E., Czeibert, K., Gábor, A., Szabó, D., Kis, A., Arany-Tóth, A., Andics, A., Gácsi, M., & Kubinyi, E. (2020). Longitudinal volumetric assessment of ventricular enlargement in pet dogs trained for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. Veterinary Sciences, 7(3), 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030127. PMid:32899680.
Kii, S., Uzuka, Y., Taura, Y., Nakaichi, M., Takeuchi, A., Inokuma, H., & Onishi, T. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging of the lateral ventricles in beagle-type dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38(6), 430-433., http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00866.x. PMid:9402708.
Pilegaard, A. M., Berendt, M., Holst, P., Møller, A., & McEvoy, F. J. (2017). Effect of skull type on the relative size of cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00030. PMid:28361057.
Pivetta, M., De Risio, L., Newton, R., & Dennis, R. (2013). Prevalence of lateral ventricle asymmetry in brain MRI studies of neurologically normal dogs and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 54(5), 516-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vru.12063. PMid:23782324.
Schröder, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Nolte, I. (2006). Comparative examination of the lateral cerebral ventricles of different dog breeds using quantitative computed tomography. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 119(11-12), 506-511. PMid:17172139.
Schütt, T., Helboe, L., Pedersen, L. Ø., Waldemar, G., Berendt, M., & Pedersen, J. T. (2016). Dogs with cognitive dysfunction as a spontaneous model for early Alzheimer’s Disease: A translational study of neuropathological and inflammatory markers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52(2), 433-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD- 151085. PMid:27003213.
Schütt, T., Toft, N., & Berendt, M. (2015). Cognitive function, progression of age-related behavioral changes, biomarkers, and survival in dogs more than 8 years old. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(6), 1569- 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13633. PMid:26463980.
Vite, C. H., Insko, E. K., Schotland, H. M., Panckeri, K., & Hendricks, J. C. (1997). Quantification of cerebral ventricular volume in English Bulldogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38(6), 437-443. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00868.x. PMid:9402710.
Woo, D.-C., Choi, C.-B., Nam, J.-W., Ryu, K.-N., Jahng, G.-H., Lee, S.-H., Lee, D.-W., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, H.-Y., Ahn, K.-J., & Choe, B.-Y. (2010). Quantitative analysis of hydrocephalic ventricular alterations in Yorkshire terriers using magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinarni Medicina, 55(3), 125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2009-VETMED.
Yamato, R. J., Larsson, M. H. M. A., Mirandola, R. M. S., Pereira, G. G., Yamaki, F. L., & Pinto, A. C. B. C. F., & Nakandakari, E. C. (2006). Parâmetros ecocardiográficos em modo unidimensional de cães da raça Poodle miniatura, clinicamente sadios. Ciência Rural, 36(1), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000100021.
De Haan, C. E., Kraft, S. L., Gavin, P. R., Wendling, L. R., & Griebenow, M. L. (1994). Normal variation in size of the lateral ventricles of the labrador retriever dog as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 35(2), 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb00191.x.
Dewey, C. W., Davies, E. S., Xie, H., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2019). Canine cognitive dysfunction: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 49(3), 477-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.013. PMid:30846383.
Doiche, D. P., Rahal, S. C., Silva, J. P. D., Oliveira, F. A., Miqueleto, N. S. M. L., Mamprim, M. J., & Vulcano, L. C. (2022). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the ventricular system and brain parenchyma in healthy dogs of different skull conformation on computed tomography scans. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 51(1), 112-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12767. PMid:34854110.
Esteve-Ratsch, B., Kneissl, S., & Gabler, C. (2001). Comparative evaluation of the ventricles in the Yorkshire Terrier and the German Shepherd dog using low-field MRI. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 42(5), 410-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00960.x. PMid:11678561.
Fast, R., Schütt, T., Toft, N., Møller, A., & Berendt, M. (2013). An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: Clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(4), 822-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12109. PMid:23701137.
Federation Cynologique Internationale. (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx#edito
González-Soriano, J., Marín-García, P., Contreras-Rodríguez, J., Martínez-Sainz, P., & Rodríguez-Veiga, E. (2001). Age-related changes in the ventricular system of the dog brain. Annals of Anatomy, 183(3), 283-291. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80236-3. PMid:11396800.
Gunde, E., Czeibert, K., Gábor, A., Szabó, D., Kis, A., Arany-Tóth, A., Andics, A., Gácsi, M., & Kubinyi, E. (2020). Longitudinal volumetric assessment of ventricular enlargement in pet dogs trained for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies. Veterinary Sciences, 7(3), 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030127. PMid:32899680.
Kii, S., Uzuka, Y., Taura, Y., Nakaichi, M., Takeuchi, A., Inokuma, H., & Onishi, T. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging of the lateral ventricles in beagle-type dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38(6), 430-433., http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00866.x. PMid:9402708.
Pilegaard, A. M., Berendt, M., Holst, P., Møller, A., & McEvoy, F. J. (2017). Effect of skull type on the relative size of cerebral cortex and lateral ventricles in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00030. PMid:28361057.
Pivetta, M., De Risio, L., Newton, R., & Dennis, R. (2013). Prevalence of lateral ventricle asymmetry in brain MRI studies of neurologically normal dogs and dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 54(5), 516-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vru.12063. PMid:23782324.
Schröder, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Nolte, I. (2006). Comparative examination of the lateral cerebral ventricles of different dog breeds using quantitative computed tomography. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 119(11-12), 506-511. PMid:17172139.
Schütt, T., Helboe, L., Pedersen, L. Ø., Waldemar, G., Berendt, M., & Pedersen, J. T. (2016). Dogs with cognitive dysfunction as a spontaneous model for early Alzheimer’s Disease: A translational study of neuropathological and inflammatory markers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52(2), 433-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD- 151085. PMid:27003213.
Schütt, T., Toft, N., & Berendt, M. (2015). Cognitive function, progression of age-related behavioral changes, biomarkers, and survival in dogs more than 8 years old. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(6), 1569- 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13633. PMid:26463980.
Vite, C. H., Insko, E. K., Schotland, H. M., Panckeri, K., & Hendricks, J. C. (1997). Quantification of cerebral ventricular volume in English Bulldogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 38(6), 437-443. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00868.x. PMid:9402710.
Woo, D.-C., Choi, C.-B., Nam, J.-W., Ryu, K.-N., Jahng, G.-H., Lee, S.-H., Lee, D.-W., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, H.-Y., Ahn, K.-J., & Choe, B.-Y. (2010). Quantitative analysis of hydrocephalic ventricular alterations in Yorkshire terriers using magnetic resonance imaging. Veterinarni Medicina, 55(3), 125-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2009-VETMED.
Yamato, R. J., Larsson, M. H. M. A., Mirandola, R. M. S., Pereira, G. G., Yamaki, F. L., & Pinto, A. C. B. C. F., & Nakandakari, E. C. (2006). Parâmetros ecocardiográficos em modo unidimensional de cães da raça Poodle miniatura, clinicamente sadios. Ciência Rural, 36(1), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000100021.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Glauce Vaz Diniz Araújo, Paulo de Souza-Junior, Shirley Viana-Peçanha, Carlos Augusto dos Santos-Sousa, Marcia Torres Ramos, Fernanda Coelho Simas Bernardes, Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo